Today both zhonghua minzu and zhonghua are commonly understood as historical concepts denoting the Chinese nation and state. Yet according to modernist theories of nationalism, the nation emerged only after its creation by nationalism. Therefore, the original meaning of zhonghua minzu, zhonghua renmin gongheguo (People's Republic of China) and zhonghua minguo (Republic of China) must have been reshaped during the process of state building in the Late Qing/Early Republic period. The aim of this essay is to analyze the original layers of meaning inherent in zhonghua and how they were selected and reinterpreted in that process. The two main points of focus are: first, how Chinese identity was constructed to include the so-called non-Han population, and second, how the history of the Chinese nation was imagined as a linear narrative from ancient to modern times.

(中國基本古籍庫,北京愛如生數位化技術研究中心建置,漢珍數位圖書公司行銷,http://www.tbmc.com.tw/tbmc2/cdb/intro/Chinese-caozuo.htm,上網日期：2011 年4 月2 日.).http://www.tbmc.com.tw/tbmc2/cdb/intro/Chinese-caozuo.htm

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陳建守（2016）。 啟蒙如何運動：近代中國「啟蒙運動」的概念史 〔博士論文，國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201600530

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