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style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">运维操作</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root MuiSvgIcon-fontSizeMedium MuiTreeItem-ChevronRightIcon css-xjq79n" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewbox="0 0 24 24" data-testid="ChevronRightIcon"><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"/></svg></div></div></div></li><li class="MuiTreeItem-root css-1oy5rnm" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" id="left-nav-treeview-0-8" tabindex="-1" style="margin-top:0.1875rem;margin-bottom:0.1875rem"><div class="css-khel7y MuiTreeItem-content" style="width:inherit"><div class="MuiTreeItem-iconContainer"/><div class="MuiTreeItem-label"><div class="css-znl8a3"><div class="MuiBox-root css-8atqhb"><div class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 css-1hwyipb">监控与告警</div></div><svg class="MuiSvgIcon-root 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1ekb41w">.css-1ekb41w{width:100%;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:auto;display:block;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ekb41w{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px;}}@media (min-width:1536px){.css-1ekb41w{max-width:1536px;}}</style><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-maxWidthXl doc-content css-1ekb41w"><div class="markdown-body MuiBox-root css-0"><h1 id="uuid-最佳实践" style="position:relative"><a href="#uuid-%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5" aria-label="uuid 最佳实践 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>UUID 最佳实践</h1><h2 id="uuid-概述" style="position:relative"><a href="#uuid-%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0" aria-label="uuid 概述 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>UUID 概述</h2><p>通用唯一标识符 (UUID) 用作主键而不是 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/auto-increment"><code>AUTO_INCREMENT</code></a> 整数值时，可以提供以下好处：</p><ul><li>UUID 可以在多个系统生成，而不会产生冲突。某些情况下可以减少到 TiDB 的网络往返次数，从而提高性能。</li><li>绝大多数编程语言和数据库系统都支持 UUID。</li><li>用在 URL 中时，UUID 不容易被枚举攻击。相比之下，使用 <code>AUTO_INCREMENT</code> 数字，则很容易让发票 ID 或用户 ID 被猜出。</li></ul><h2 id="最佳实践" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5" aria-label="最佳实践 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>最佳实践</h2><h3 id="二进制存储" style="position:relative"><a href="#%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8" aria-label="二进制存储 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>二进制存储</h3><p>UUID 文本是一个包含 36 字符的字符串，如 <code>ab06f63e-8fe7-11ec-a514-5405db7aad56</code>。使用 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/miscellaneous-functions#uuid_to_bin"><code>UUID_TO_BIN()</code></a> 可将 UUID 文本格式转换为 16 字节的二进制格式。这样，你可以将文本存储在 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/data-type-string#binary-类型"><code>BINARY(16)</code></a> 列中。检索 UUID 时，可以使用 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/miscellaneous-functions#bin_to_uuid"><code>BIN_TO_UUID()</code></a> 函数再将其转换回文本格式。</p><h3 id="uuid-格式二进制顺序和聚簇主键" style="position:relative"><a href="#uuid-%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E4%BA%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%88%B6%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%92%8C%E8%81%9A%E7%B0%87%E4%B8%BB%E9%94%AE" aria-label="uuid 格式二进制顺序和聚簇主键 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"/></svg></a>UUID 格式二进制顺序和聚簇主键</h3><p><code>UUID_TO_BIN()</code> 函数可以接收一个参数 (UUID) 或两个参数（第一个为 UUID，第二个为 <code>swap_flag</code>）。建议不要在 TiDB 中设置 <code>swap_flag</code>，以避免出现<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/high-concurrency-best-practices">热点</a>问题。</p><p>同时，你也可以在 UUID 主键上显式设置 <a href="/zh/tidb/stable/clustered-indexes"><code>CLUSTERED</code> 选项</a>来避免热点问题。</p><p>为了演示 <code>swap_flag</code> 的效果，本文以表结构相同的两张表为例。区别在于，<code>uuid_demo_1</code> 表中插入的数据使用 <code>UUID_TO_BIN(?, 0)</code>，而 <code>uuid_demo_2</code> 表中使用 <code>UUID_TO_BIN(?, 1)</code>。</p><p>在如下的<a href="/zh/tidb/stable/dashboard-key-visualizer">流量可视化页面</a>，你可以看到写入操作集中在 <code>uuid_demo_2</code> 表的单个 Region 中，而这个表中的二进制格式字段顺序被调换过。</p><p><img src="https://download.pingcap.com/images/docs-cn/best-practices/uuid_keyviz.png" alt="Key Visualizer"/></p><pre><code class="hljs language-sql"><style data-emotion="css 1qhimia">.css-1qhimia{margin-right:3rem;overflow:auto;}</style><div class="MuiBox-root css-1qhimia"><span class="hljs-keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> `uuid_demo_1` ( `uuid` <span class="hljs-type">varbinary</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>, `c1` <span class="hljs-type">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">255</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">NOT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">PRIMARY</span> KEY (`uuid`) CLUSTERED