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>>> Books.objects.all() >>> connection.queries ## 可以查看查询时间 [{'sql': 'SELECT "testsql_books"."id", "testsql_books"."name", "testsql_books"."author_id" FROM "testsql_books" LIMI T 21', 'time': '0.002'}]

**(2) django-extensions 插件 **

 。  pip install django-extensions
 。   INSTALLED_APPS = (
        'django_extensions',
 。     在 django shell 中使用  python manage.py shell_plus  --print-sql (extensions 强化)
    这样每次查询都会 有sql 输出
    >>>  from testsql.models import Books
    >>>  Books.objects.all()
    SELECT "testsql_books"."id", "testsql_books"."name", "testsql_books"."author_id" FROM "testsql_books" LIMIT 21
    Execution time: 0.002000s [Database: default]
    <QuerySet [<Books: Books object>, <Books: Books object>, <Books: Books object>]>

2 ORM查询操作 以及优化

models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo') 增加一条数据,可以接受字典类型数据 **kwargs obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo') obj.save() models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 获取单条数据,不存在则报错(不建议) models.Tb1.objects.all() # 获取全部 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 删除指定条件的数据 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0') # 将指定条件的数据更新,均支持 **kwargs obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1) obj.c1 = '111' obj.save() # 修改单条数据

查询简单操作

models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count() 大于,小于 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in isnull Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) contains models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") range models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith, order by models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc group by--annotate from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num')) SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" limit 、offset models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] regex正则匹配,iregex 不区分大小写 Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +') Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +') Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) month Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) week_day Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) minute Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) second Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)

查询复杂操作

FK foreign key 使用的原因:

但是多表查询会降低速度,大型程序反而不使用外键,而是用单表(约束的时候,通过代码判断)

extra

	extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
	   Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
	   Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
	   Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
	   Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
	from django.db.models import F
	models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F('num')+1)
	Q(nid__gt=10)
	Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
	Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
	con = Q()
	q1 = Q()
	q1.connector = 'OR'
	q1.children.append(('id', 1))
	q1.children.append(('id', 10))
	q1.children.append(('id', 9))
	q2 = Q()
	q2.connector = 'OR'
	q2.children.append(('c1', 1))
	q2.children.append(('c1', 10))
	q2.children.append(('c1', 9))
	con.add(q1, 'AND')
	con.add(q2, 'AND')
	models.Tb1.objects.filter(con)

exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)

    # 条件查询
    # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q

select_related(self, *fields)

     性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related()
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段')
     model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段')

prefetch_related(self, *lookups)

    性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询  在内存中做关联,而不会再做连表查询
            # 第一次 获取所有用户表
            # 第二次 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID)
            models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段')

annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)

    # 用于实现聚合group by查询
    from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
    v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
    # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)

        # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询
        Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
        Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
        Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
        Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])

reverse(self):

models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse() # 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序

下面两个 取到的是对象,并且注意 取到的对象可以 获取其他字段(这样会再去查找该字段降低性能
defer(self, *fields):

        models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
        models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
        # 映射中排除某列数据

only(self, *fields):

        # 仅取某个表中的数据
         models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
         models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')

执行原生SQL

            1.connection
	from django.db import connection, connections
	cursor = connection.cursor()  
            # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
            django的settings中的db配置 ' default',指定数据库
	cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
	row = cursor.fetchone()
            2 .extra
            Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
            3 . raw
            name_map = {'a':'A','b':'B'}
            models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from xxxx',translations=name_map)