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I am getting this stack trace when I start pyramid pserve:

% python $(which pserve) ../etc/development.ini
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.local/bin/pserve", line 9, in <module>
    load_entry_point('pyramid==1.5', 'console_scripts', 'pserve')()
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyramid-1.5-py2.7.egg/pyramid/scripts/pserve.py", line 51, in main
    return command.run()
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyramid-1.5-py2.7.egg/pyramid/scripts/pserve.py", line 316, in run
    global_conf=vars)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyramid-1.5-py2.7.egg/pyramid/scripts/pserve.py", line 340, in loadapp
    return loadapp(app_spec, name=name, relative_to=relative_to, **kw)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 247, in loadapp
    return loadobj(APP, uri, name=name, **kw)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 271, in loadobj
    global_conf=global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 296, in loadcontext
    global_conf=global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 320, in _loadconfig
    return loader.get_context(object_type, name, global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 454, in get_context
    section)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 476, in _context_from_use
    object_type, name=use, global_conf=global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 406, in get_context
    global_conf=global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 296, in loadcontext
    global_conf=global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 337, in _loadfunc
    return loader.get_context(object_type, name, global_conf)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 681, in get_context
    obj = lookup_object(self.spec)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/lib/python2.7/site-packages/PasteDeploy-1.5.2-py2.7.egg/paste/deploy/util.py", line 68, in lookup_object
    module = __import__(parts)
  File "/home/hughdbrown/.virtualenvs/ponder/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ponder-0.0.40-py2.7.egg/ponder/server/__init__.py", line 10, in <module>
    from ponder.server.views import Endpoints, route
ImportError: No module named views
This works fine from a python REPL:
% python
Python 2.7.5+ (default, Feb 27 2014, 19:37:08) 
[GCC 4.8.1] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from ponder.server.views import Endpoints, route
and from a command line import:
% python -c "from ponder.server.views import Endpoints, route"
An abridged tree output shows what I am working with:
% tree
├── __init__.py
├── ponder
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── server
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   └── views
│   │       ├── environment_templates.py
│   │       ├── groups.py
│   │       ├── __init__.py
│   │       ├── instances.py
│   │       ├── tasks.py
│   │       └── users.py
My PYTHONPATH is set to the root of this tree:
% echo $PYTHONPATH
/home/hughdbrown/workspace/ept/ponder/lib
I am running this in a virtualenv that uses python 2.7. I have had this working off and on today but I can't figure out where the problem is. For one thing, the __init__.py seems to be okay with some imports that come just before:
from .database import get_db
from .config import parser
from .views import Endpoints, route
(I changed the last line to an absolute import. No luck.)
Things that I have tried:
Rebuilding virtualenv
Setting PYTHONPATH
Using absolute paths in code
Looking for circular imports
I am open to further suggestions in how to debug this error.
So the mistake I made was to look only at the source tree. The problem was really in the runtime environment, in my virtualenv. And when I looked there, I found that the desired files were not being installed. The problem, at root, was the setup.py.
                This is not a duplicate, at least since the link you provide does not duplicate this problem. There, the problem was one of: - Some weirdness with Windows scp and linux; - improperly set PYTHONPATH; - failure to use __init__.py consistently. None of those is the problem here. In my case, the setup.py did not copy files recursively so imports were missing in virtualenv that were present in dev-env. Fix was to add to MANIFEST.in, I believe. So, markedly different and not a duplicate.
– hughdbrown
                May 25, 2015 at 7:29
                @EdChum, this is not a duplicate. It has the same error message, but the cause is different and the solution is very different from the item you cite as  a duplicate. Can you reconsider this? I have not found a way to contact you by stackoverflow, email, or twitter.
– hughdbrown
                May 30, 2015 at 12:19
                Apologies, I have reopened this post, it looked the same but you can always message anyone who closed a question using the @whatever
– EdChum
                May 30, 2015 at 17:06
                This solved it for me in TravisCI as well--you would've thought this wouldn't be required. Thank you!
– Jose Salvatierra
                Jan 10, 2016 at 16:34
                @ParthapratimNeog The export is expected to be run in a terminal window prior to executing your script. I also extended my answer with a one-liner solution should you not want to add an environment variable.
– javabeangrinder
                Jan 31, 2017 at 13:28
                I believe it's better to add the absolute path than . because . will not follow if you change the directory.
– avp
                Feb 8, 2019 at 17:15
My usual trick is to simply print sys.path in the actual context where the import problem happens. In your case it'd seem that the place for the print is in /home/hughdbrown/.local/bin/pserve . Then check dirs & files in the places that path shows..
You do that by first having:
import sys
in python 3 with the print function:
print(sys.path)
or in python 2 with print expression:
print sys.path
                Okay, so the problem is that in my virtualenv, that path does not exist. When I tree my virtualenv, I can see that the views directory is missing. And that problem starts in the setup.py I am using that names the directories to install in the packages section but does not traverse down directories. Okay, I am on my way to figuring this out. For a start, I need a better setup.py.
– hughdbrown
                May 2, 2014 at 0:21
                in python2 it is with the print expression: print sys.path and in python3 with the print function: print(sys.path). in both you need import sys before that.
– antont
                Sep 27, 2014 at 22:08
                I solve adding this in settings.py of my project:  `` import sys sys.path.insert(1, '{project_path}') `` Ty @M-T-A
– Marcaum54
                Sep 5, 2016 at 11:38
I had the same problem, and I solved it by adding the following code to the top of the python file:
import sys
import os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))))
Number of repetitions of os.path.dirname depends on where is the file located your project hierarchy. For instance, in my case the project root is three levels up. 
I met the same problem, and I try the pdb.set_trace() before the error line. 
My problem is the package name duplicate with the module name, like:
├── __init__.py
├── a
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── test.py
└── b
    └── __init__.py
and at file a/__init__.py, using from test.b import xxx will cause ImportError: No module named b.
run by double click on file.py (it opens the python command line)
run your file.py from the cmd prompt (cmd) (drag/drop
your file on it for instance)
run your file.py in your IDE (eg. pyscripter or Pycharm)
Each of these ways can run a different version of python (¤)
Check which python version is run by cmd:
Type in cmd:
python --version 
Check the path and if the module (ex: win32clipboard) is recognized in the cmd:
create a test.py containing this: 
python
import sys
sys.executable
sys.path
import win32clipboard
win32clipboard.__file__
Check the path and if module is recognized in the .py
create a test.py containing this:
import sys
print(sys.executable)
print(sys.path)
import win32clipboard
print(win32clipboard.__file__)
If the version in cmd is ok but not in .py it's because the default program associated with .py isn't the right one. Change python version for .py
To change the python version associated with cmd:
Control Panel\All Control Panel Items\System\Advanced system setting\Environnement variable
In SYSTEM variable set the path variable to you python version (the path are separated by ;: cmd use the FIRST path eg: C:\path\to\Python27;C:\path\to\Python35 → cmd will use python27)
To change the python version associated  with .py extension:
Run cmd as admin:
Write: ftype Python.File="C:\Python35\python.exe" "%1" %* It will set the last python version (eg. python3.6). If your last version is 3.6 but you want 3.5 just add some xxx in your folder (xxxpython36) so it will take the last recognized version which is python3.5 (after the cmd remove the xxx).
Other:
"No modul error" could also come from a syntax error btw python et 3 (eg. missing parenthesis for print function...)
¤ Thus each of them has it's own pip version
                Ooh, I cannot stress the importance of checking python --version enough. It is far too easy to be running Python 2.7 by accident, especially if you develop on multiple different computers with different virtualboxes :) Obviously, run python3 <spam> instead of python <spam> when your project uses Python 3 and the system uses Python 2.7 for the python alias.
– Juha Untinen
                Sep 19, 2017 at 21:01
I had the same issue. I solved it by running the command in a different python version. I tried python3 filename.py. Earlier i was using Python 2.7.
Another possibility is that the file from which something is imported may contain BOM (Byte Order Mark). It can be solved by opening the file in some editor which supports multiple encoding like VSCode (Notepad++) and saving in a different encoding statndard like ANSI, UTF-8(without BOM).
If you have a script with the same name as your module in another directory, it will use that instead. For example:
module.py
module
|--module
|  |--__init__.py
|  |--module.py
This will make it so that the first module.py is being used, not the second one.
In case this is of interest to anyone, I had the same problem when I was running Python in Cygwin, in my case it was complaning that pandas wasn't installed even though it was. The problem was that I had 2 installations of python - one in windows and another one in cygwin (using the cygwin installer) and although both were the same versions of Python, the Cygwin installation was confused about where Pandas was installed. When i uninstalled cygwin's Python and pointed Cygwin at the windows installation everything was fine
My issue is that I had two directories in my sys.path / PYTHONPATH - a project root directory, and an apps directory within Django.
I was trying to reach a Python module inside the apps directory, but by chance had an identically named folder in the root. Python was finding the directory in the root, and so not finding the directory in the apps directory.
(Duh. Although I'm partly writing this as I'll find myself back here in a few months/years..)
        
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