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Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2019 Jun 20; 39(6): 665–671.
PMCID: PMC6743917

Language: Chinese | English

炎症指标对缺血性脑卒中卒中后抑郁的预测价值

Predictive value of inflammatory indicators for post-stroke depression in patients with ischemic stroke

胡 佳

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院神经内科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 胡 佳

周 伟

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院心脏大血管外科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 周 伟

周 志明

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院神经内科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 周 志明

杨 倩

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院神经内科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 杨 倩

韩 剑

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院影像中心,安徽 芜湖 241001, Imaging Center, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 韩 剑

颜 燕

皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院神经内科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China

Find articles by 颜 燕

董 万利

苏州大学附属第一医院神经内科,江苏 苏州 215000, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China 皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院神经内科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Neurology, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China 皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院心脏大血管外科,安徽 芜湖 241001, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China 皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院影像中心,安徽 芜湖 241001, Imaging Center, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China 苏州大学附属第一医院神经内科,江苏 苏州 215000, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China Mean ± SD )60.64±10.0251 (49.04)60.21±10.370.3480.275  Female (%)101 (37.13)6.10±3.0652 (43.33)0.0350.393  Educational (y), median (IQR)5.36±3.1124.78±2.570.039  BMI (kg/m 2 ), median (IQR)24.12±2.1336 (34.62)0.012  Widowhood (%)28 (10.29)〈0.001Vascular risk factors[ n (%)]72 (69.23)  Hypertension186 (68.38)33 (31.73)0.874  Hyperlipidaemia85 (31.25)48 (46.15)0.928  Diabetes mellitus116 (42.62)34 (32.69)0.540  Coronary heart disease79 (29.04)35 (33.65)0.490  Atrial fibrillation81 (29.78)43 (41.35)0.467  Active smokers101 (37.13)36 (34.62)0.452  Alcohol consumption91 (33.46)0.832Tht Type of stroke etiology[ n (%)]63 (60.57)0.390  Atherothrombotic156 (57.35)15 (14.42)  Lacunar73 (26.84)7 (6.73)  Cardioembolic6 (2.21)19 (18.27)  Others37 (13.60)Leision location[ n (%)]17 (16.35)0.459  Frontal55 (20.22)13 (12.50)  Parietal31 (11.40)11 (10.58)  Temporal22 (8.09)9 (8.65)  Occipital26 (9.56)29 (27.88)  Basal ganglia84 (30.88)20 (19.23)  Posterior fossa51 (18.75)5 (4.81)  Others3 (1.10)16 (8-27)Hospital stay(d), median (IQR)15 (7-23)9 (7-12)0.261Basline NIHSS score, median(IQR)8 (6-11)26 (22-28)〈0.001Basline MMSE score, median(IQR)28 (25-30)2 (1-4)0.024mRS at 3 months, median (IQR)2 (1-2)3.81 (2.52-4.67)0.072NLR, median (IQR)2.83 (2.31-3.79)159.74 (124.87, 246.05)1.96 (1.54-2.57)< 0.001< 0.001PLR, median (IQR)112.04 (89.25, 143.73)41.20 (29.53-50.32)112.17 (87.36, 142.3)< 0.001< 0.001IL-17 (pg/mL), median (IQR)17.35 (10.13-19.79)32.47 (21.72-39.12)0.012IL-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR)15.85 (18.34-21.16)0.008

2

观察组各亚组中炎症相关指标的比较

Comparisons of serum levels of inflammatory factors among patients with PSD of different severities

Variabl Mild depreesion ( n =53) Moderte depreesion ( n =37) Severe depreesion ( n =14) * P
* Kruskal-Wallis test. NLR: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR platelet-To-Lymphocyte ratio; IL 17: Interleukin 17; IL6: Interleukin 6.
NLR median (IQR) 2.91 (2.34-4.21) 4.02 (3.91-4.37) 4.31 (4.07-4.92) 0.004
PLR median (IQR) 133.04 (107.14-162.31) 161.57 (143.42-202.31) 192.37 (166.57-276.14) < 0.001
IL-17 (pg/mL) median (IQR) 27.81 (26.03-39.27) 39.45 (27.02-41.67) 47.11 (39.32-54.13) < 0.001
IL-16 (pg/mL) median (IQR) 27.79 (19.24-32.21) 31.81 (28.93-30.87) 37.47 (34.13-41.02) 0.003

2.2. 临床及实验室指标(NLR、PLR、IL-17、IL-6值)与卒中后抑郁的相关性

表 1 P < 0.1的变量作为自变量,是否存在抑郁症状作为应变量进行多变量logistic回归分析显示( 表 3 ):对年龄、性别、受教育年限、BMI、独居、NIHSS评分、MMSE评分、mRS评分进行调整后,NLR第三四分位数(即NLR≥4.02)PLR第三四分位数;与缺血性卒中后抑郁状态的发生具有独立相关性。各亚组中炎症指标随抑郁症状加重而升高,且有统计学差异( P < 0.05),故对重度抑郁患者(HAMD≥24)的亚组中炎症指标,调整相关因素后行多变量logistic回归分析发现此四组炎症相关指标仍是重度抑郁的独立预测因素。研究中还发现调整相关因素后,BMI(OR1.156,95%CI 1.044~1.193, P =0.021)、独居(OR1.912,95%CI 1.175~3.010, P =0.004)、NIHSS评分(OR1.304,95%CI 1.013~1.652, P =0.003)、mRS评分(OR1.615,95%CI 1.072~2.431, P =0.021)也与PSD发生具有独立相关性。

3

卒中后抑郁一般因素和相关实验室指标的多因素Logistic回归分析

Multivariate logistic model of the clinical determinants of PSD

Variables OR (95%CI) P
BMI: Body mass index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; MMSE: Mini mental state examination; NLR: Neutrophil-ToLymphocyte Ratio; PLR: Platelet-To-Lymphocyte ratio; IL 17: Interleukin 17; IL6: Interleukin 6; amultivariate logistic regression model: Take quartile 1 to quartile 3 of NLR and PLR about all stroke patients as a reference respectively b Multivariate regression model according to the sub-group(HAMD≥24), after adjusting for multiple confounding factors, includidng; Sex: Years of education; BMI:Widowhood; NIHSS score: MMSE score.
Age 1.112 (1.023-1.642) 0.013
Sex 1.504 (0.762-3.056) 0.167
Years of education 1.127 (0.941-2.713) 0.067
BMI 1.156 (1.044-1.193) 0.003
Widowhood 1.912 (1.175-3.010) 0.004
NIHSS score 1.304 (1.013-1.652) 0.003
MMSE score 1.032 (0.945-1.083) 0.058
NLR Quartile 4a 3.432 (2.187-8.034) < 0.001
PLR Quartile 4a 3.216 (1.943-6.471) 0.007
IL-17 1.081 (1.012-1.167) 0.025
IL-6 1.102 (1.021-1.189) 0.016
NLR Quartile 4ab 3.926 (2.365-7.947) < 0.001
PLR Quartile 4ab 3.853 (2.214-6.632) 0.002
IL-17b 1.087 (1.015-1.201) 0.021
IL-6b 1.114 (1.013-1.217) 0.012

3. 讨论

PSD 是急性缺血性脑血管病常见的并发症之一,具有高发病率、高致残率 [ 13 ] 。既往研究报道PSD的发生率为18.5%~51.2% [ 14 - 15 ] 。这可能与卒中后抑郁的判定时间、心理评估方法以及判定标准不同相关,说明卒中后抑郁的诊断是一个动态过程,不同时间点对于卒中后抑郁的发病率有重要影响。本研究发现PSD在入院后3个月的发生率为27.7%,与既往研究基本符合。

NLR和PLR与精神疾病,尤其是抑郁症的发生有显著相关性 [ 16 ] 。NLR和PLR水平升高与重度抑郁症风险增加相关 [ 17 - 18 ] 。同时大量研究认为NLR和PLR与脑梗死的预后具有显著相关性 [ 6 ] 。到目前为止,这两个指标与卒中后抑郁的关系尚未见报道。本研究发现入院时血清NLR和PLR水平的增高与卒中后3个月PSD的发生风险具有密切相关性。对相关因素(年龄、性别、受教育年限、BMI、独居、NIHSS评分、MMSE评分、mRS评分)进行调整后,NLR第三四分位数(NLR≥4.02)和PLR第三四分位数(PLR≥203.74)是缺血性卒中PSD发生的独立预测因素。

NLR和PLR是临床上易得且廉价的可以反映炎症状态的指标 [ 19 - 20 ] ,既往研究中NLR作为一种全身炎症反应的生物标志物,发现其增加与炎症因子的产生和氧化应激的增加有关 [ 21 ] 。梗死发生时,外周血免疫细胞,尤其是中性粒细胞,通过受损的血脑屏障迁移至颅内坏死区。在损伤部位,通过分泌不同的炎症介质、促炎症因子发挥免疫预防作用 [ 22 ] ,同时这些分泌的炎性相关因子诱导了免疫级联放大反应,引起细胞功能障碍和氧化应激 [ 23 ] 。炎症状态改变颅内神经内分泌功能,同时降低单胺类神经递质的合成和分泌,导致卒中后抑郁的发生 [ 5 ] 。另一方面,淋巴细胞的减少反映了机体的病理应激状态,提示预后不良 [ 24 ] 。因此我们认为NLR同时反映了卒中后的炎症状态和卒中后抑郁状态的形成诱因,故一定程度上可以预测PSD的形成。

血小板是一种特殊的炎症指标,较高的血小板计数不仅是炎症的结果,也是炎症的预测指标。血小板活化在包括抑郁在内的精神障碍性疾病中发挥重要作用,同时也是心脑血管疾病发病率增加的危险因素 [ 25 ] 。梗死区域炎性介质通过激活巨噬细胞产生大量活化血小板。而活化血小板通过释放促炎症因子调控内皮细胞的通透性,招募单核细胞迁移和聚集 [ 26 ] ,从而增强炎症反应。另一方面,炎症诱导活化的血小板内部致密颗粒释放羟色胺。而5-羟色胺在抑郁症形成中发挥重要作用。同时来源于活化血小板的促炎症因子,参与启动、维持和调节炎症反应,在抑郁症发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。再次,促炎症因子、活化血小板可能对脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和BDNF受体(TrkB)磷酸化表达产生不良影响,这些蛋白在抑郁症的发病机制中发挥重要作用 [ 27 ] 。由此可见,血小板活化与梗死后的炎症反应以及抑郁的发生均互为因果。因此,我们认为结合血小板和淋巴细胞水平的PLR也是PSD比较稳定的预测因子。

越来越多的证据表明炎症通过炎症通路和炎症介质参与到抑郁症的病因学中。在抑郁患者中由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA)产生的炎症和促炎症因子被激活 [ 28 ] ,从而增加HPA轴的活性,产生正反馈,改变神经传导。另一方面,氧化应激在重度抑郁症的病理生理学中起着至关重要的作用 [ 29 ] 。而同时本研究认为NLR、PLR是通过反映PSD形成过程中的炎症反应和氧化应激过程而成为PSD的预测因子,因此通过实验室检测促炎症因子IL-17、IL-6在PSD患者静脉血中的水平来验证PSD患者的炎症反应和氧化应激。

本研究发现IL-17、IL-6在PSD组明显高于非PSD组,且其水平随抑郁程度加重而升高,有统计学差异。在调整相关危险因素后IL-17、IL-6与PSD具有独立相关性。对PSD患者亚组研究中发现,在调整相关危险因素后,IL-17、IL-6与重度抑郁状态具有独立相关性。我们考虑可能有以下一些机制参与:(1)炎症因子(IL-17、IL-6)通过作用于5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素等单胺类神经递质,影响神经元突触中单胺类神经递质的浓度、数量、功能,导致其数量或功能下降 [ 30 ] 。单胺类神经递质在维持神经系统兴奋性方面起着重要作用,其数量或功能的减少会导致抑郁症的发生。(2)炎症因子影响边缘系统-下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴活性 [ 31 ] ,在过度兴奋的状态下分泌大量的皮质醇通过细胞毒性损害神经细胞。(3)炎症因子可能通过某些神经通路影响脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的生成 [ 32 ] 。外周血的炎症因(IL-17、IL-6)促进炎症免疫反应,导致机体神经递质分泌紊乱,而脑源性神经营养因子减少影响神经细胞的的增殖分化,减少神经可塑性,在抑郁发生过程中起重要作用。

本研究存在以下不足:(1)样本量小,非多中心研究,一些患有严重疾病,或重度失语,严重意识障碍的患者被排除在研究之外,可能低估了PSD的发病率;(2)由于随访时间较短,一些抑郁事件相关的重要因素未纳入搜集,如抗抑郁药物的服用、心理治疗和社会支持情况,而这些因素有可能影响PSD的诊断;(3)部分NIHSS评分较高的患者被排除在外,部分患者在随访前死亡,有研究表明PSD可能更常见于严重的功能损害病人 [ 33 ] ,故可能低估了PSD的发生情况;(4)NLR、PLR仅通过患者入院24 h内血液学检测结果计算一次,但这些指标在PSD的发生过程中可能存在动态变化,故我们在今后的研究中需要对梗死后不同时间点NLR、PLR的变化与PSD的发生进行进一步的研究;(5)反映炎症和氧化应激的实验室指标检测有限,不能完全反映PSD发生过程的病理生理反应,今后的研究中需要针对多种指标开展检测。

虽然本研究有一定的局限性,但我们的研究证实了入院时的NLR、PLR是缺血性脑卒中后3个月PSD的独立预测因素,而且炎症指标IL-6、IL-17也印证了炎症在PSD发生过程中的重要作用。在今后的临床工作中,对于缺血性脑卒中患者,尤其是入院时NLR和PLR值较高的患者,应重点给与早期抑郁状态的评估,重视早期心理干预和预防,对PSD早发现、早治疗,对于患者的预后将有良好的影响。

Biography

胡佳,在读博士研究生,主治医师,E-mail: moc.621@103aijuh

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81171110);2015年度皖南医学院中青年科研基金(WK2015F16)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81171110)

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