Rust stains on paper-based cultural heritage objects are often caused by the oxidation of metallic fasteners, such as paper clips or staples, which penetrate or come into contact with the substrate. The resulting corrosion leads to yellowing, darkening, and embrittlement of the paper and its media. Rust not only compromises the artifact’s aesthetic and structural integrity but also undermines its historical completeness. Given iron’s electrochemical corrosion behavior, rust can regenerate, presenting ongoing conservation challenges. Conservators typically use reducing or chelating agents to treat rust stains. However, these treatments are labor-intensive, and the diffusion of iron ions along paper fibers—once rust dissolves—can expand the affected area.
This study examines whether polyacrylic acid gel can be used to remove rust from paper-based materials. The research investigates the high water-retention and controlled-release properties of polyacrylic acid gel, commonly used in pharmaceuticals and environmental applications, and whether these characteristics help localize the treatment and improve rust removal efficiency. Rust samples were created using three types of paper: KLUG Blotting Paper 40, Double A 80 GSM office paper, and Advantec No. 2 qualitative filter paper, with repeated soaking and drying of embedded paper clips. The selected reagents include sodium dithionite (reducing agent), disodium EDTA (chelating agent), and Carbopol® Ultrez 30 (polyacrylic acid gel). Treatment outcomes were compared between test and control groups using a spectrophotometer, semi-quantitative iron ion test strips, a digital microscope, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
The study evaluated rust removal time, visual impact, and ion diffusion. Results showed that the most effective method combined a dropwise reducing agent with a wet poultice of chelating gel. This approach limited ion spread, enhanced rust removal, and reduced reoxidation risk by capturing iron ions within the gel’s 3D network. This method minimized the affected area, making it a suitable treatment for paper-based rust stains in conservation practice.
摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝辭 III
目錄 VI
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 X
第一章、緒論 1
第一節、研究動機與目的 1
一、 研究動機 1
二、 研究目的 5
第二節、研究限制與範圍 8
一、 研究範圍 8
二、 研究限制 9
第三節、研究方法與架構 11
一、 研究方法 11
二、 研究架構 11
第二章、文獻探討 13
第一節、聚丙烯酸凝膠 13
一、 凝膠與清潔 13
二、 聚丙烯酸凝膠 19
第二節、鐵鏽形成與劣化機制 26
一、 鐵鏽形成與劣化機制 26
二、 鏽蝕處理方式 35
三、 凝膠移除金屬鏽蝕案例 37
第三節、名詞說明 38
一、 交聯 38
二、 中和劑 39
三、 還原劑 40
四、 螯合劑 43
第三章、實驗操作與檢測方法 45
第一節、材料選用 45
一、 基底材 45
二、 鐵件 46
三、 試劑 47
第二節、實驗樣本 49
一、 前置實驗 49
二、 樣本製備 56
三、 試劑與凝膠配製 58
四、 滴注、塗敷與清洗方式 60
第四節、樣本檢測方式 63
一、 色差值 63
二、 紫外線螢光反應檢測 65
三、 半定量鐵離子試紙 65
四、 移動型微區面積X射線掃瞄系統 66
第四章、實驗結果分析與討論 67
第一節、外觀狀況 67
一、 分光光測色計 67
二、 多焦段數位雷射顯微鏡 76
第二節、殘留現象 83
一、 Burker Crono移動型微區面積掃瞄系統 83
二、紫外線照射螢光反應 89
第三節、反應時間 92
第四節、總結 94
第五章、結論與建議 95
第一節、後續研究建議 95
一、 實驗設計 95
二、 凝膠用途 95
三、 試劑選用 96
第二節、保存條件建議 97
參考文獻 101
附錄一、Double APrint 化學品安全資料表 110
附錄二、KLUG Blotting 技術參數表 112
附錄三、KLUG Blotting 保證書 113
附錄四、Advantec Laboratory Filter papers NO.2 規格表 114
附錄五、Carbopol®Ultrez 30 Polymer 物質安全材料表 116
附錄六、Carbopol®Ultrez 30 Polymer 技術數據表 126
附錄八、除鏽前後樣本色差值 130
附錄九、除鏽前後紙張樣本紫外線檢視比較 133
附錄十、除鏽前後表面粗糙度 136
附錄十一、Bruker Crono移動型微區面積掃瞄系統元素分布圖 157
附錄十二、Bruker Crono移動型微區面積掃瞄系統元素質量百分比分析 176
錄十三、常見鐵器文物除鏽方法 188
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